Apt, C., Hurlbert, D.f. Sexual Narcissism: Addiction or Anachronism? The Family Journal 3. (1995)

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This is an article about narcissism as used in mutual employ, for narcissism in its clinical sense encounter Narcissism (psychology)

Narcissus, also known equally the "Mazarini Hermaphroditus" or the "Genie of eternal residuum". The statue is equanimous of an antiquarian funeral bosom and of an antique lower function, assembled in mod times. Marble, 3rd century AD.

Narcissism describes the character trait of self beloved.

The discussion is derived from a Greek myth. Narcissus was a handsome Greek youth who rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. Every bit penalization, he was doomed to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of h2o. Unable to complete his dear, Narcissus pined away and inverse into the flower that bears his proper noun, the narcissus.

Freud believed that some narcissism is an essential office of all of usa from birth.^[1] Andrew P. Morrison claims that, in adults, a reasonable amount of salubrious narcissism allows the private'southward perception of his needs to exist balanced in relation to others.^[ii]

Daftar Isi

History

Principal article: History of narcissism

The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris.

It is simply in recent times that it has been defined in psychological terms.

In 1898 Havelock Ellis, an English language sexologist, used the term "narcissus-similar" in reference to excessive masturbation, whereby the person becomes his or her own sex activity object^[3].

In 1899, Paul Näche was the first person to employ the term "narcissism" in a study of sexual perversions.

Otto Rank in 1911 published the commencement psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-adoration^[3].

Sigmund Freud but published a single paper exclusively devoted to narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism: An Introduction.^[1]

In 1923, Martin Buber published his essay "Ich und Du" (I and Thousand), in which he pointed out that our narcissism oft leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals.

Developmental aspects

Empirical studies

Within psychology, in that location are two main branches of research into narcissism, clinical and social psychology. These approaches differ in their view of narcissism with the one-time treating it a disorder, and thus equally discrete, and the latter treating it every bit a personality trait, and thus as a continuum. These two strands of research tend loosely to stand in a divergent relation to i another although they converge in places.

Campbell and Foster (2007) ^[iv] review the literature on narcissism. They debate that narcissists possess the following 'basic ingredients':

• Positive. Narcissists call back they are meliorate than others. ^[5]
• Inflated. Narcissists' views tend to be contrary to reality. In measure which compare self-report to objective measures, narcissists cocky-views tend to be greatly exaggerated. ^[6]
• Agentic. Narcissists' views tend to be almost exaggerated in the agentic domain, relative to the communion domain. ^{[5] [6]}
• Special. Narcissists perceive themselves to be unique and special people^[seven].
• Selfish. Research upon narcissists' behaviour in resource dilemmas supports the example for narcissists as being selfish^[8].
• Oriented toward success. Narcissists are oriented towards success by existence, for example, arroyo oriented ^[9]

Also, narcissists tend to demonstrate a lack of involvement in warm and caring interpersonal relationships. Campbell and Forster (2007)^[4] also talk of several ongoing controversies inside narcissism literature, namely whether narcissism is healthy or unhealthy, a personality disorder, a discrete or continuous variable, defensive or offensive, the same across genders, the same beyond cultures, and changeable or unchangeable.

Campbell and Foster (2007) argue that self-regulatory strategies are of paramount importance to understanding narcissism.^[4]. Self-regulation in narcissists involves such things equally striving to make one'south cocky look, feel positive, special, successful and important. It comes in both intra-psychic, such a blaming a situation rather than self for failure, and interpersonal forms, such as using a relationship to serve one's own self. Some differences in self-regulation between narcissists and non-narcissists can be seen with Campbell, Reeder, Sedikides & Elliot (2000) ^[10] who conducted a study in which two experiments were conducted. In both experiments, participants took function an achievement task following which they were provided with simulated feedback; it was either bogus success or failure. It was found that both narcissists and non-narcissists self-enhanced just non-narcissists showed more than flexibility in doing so. Participants were measured on both a comparative and a not-comparative self-enhancement strategy. It was found that both narcissists and non-narcissists employed the not-comparative strategy similarly. Notwithstanding, narcissists were found to be more self-serving with the comparative strategy, employing information technology far more, than non-narcissists, suggesting a greater rigidity with their self-enhancement. When narcissists receive negative feedback which threatens the self, they volition self-heighten at all costs whereas non-narcissists tend to have limits.

Narcissistic personality disorder

Chief article: Narcissistic personality disorder

Although most individuals have some narcissistic traits, loftier levels of narcissism tin manifest themselves as a pathological form equally narcissistic personality disorder, whereby the patient overestimates his or her abilities and has an excessive need for adoration and affirmation.

Hotchkiss's vii deadly sins of narcissism

Hotchkiss^[eleven] identified what she called the seven mortiferous sins of narcissism:

1. Shamelessness - Shame is the feeling that lurks beneath all unhealthy narcissism, and the disability to process shame in good for you means.
2. Magical thinking - Narcissists see themselves equally perfect using baloney and illusion known as magical thinking. They likewise utilise project to dump shame onto others.
3. Arrogance - If a narcissist is feeling deflated, s/he tin can reinflate him/herself past diminishing, debasing or degrading somebody else.
4. Envy - If the narcissist'due south need to secure a sense of superiority meets an obstruction because of somebody else, s/he neutralises it using contempt to minimise the other person's ability
5. Entitlement - Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance considering they consider themselves uniquely special. Any failure to comply volition be considered an attack on their superiority and the perpetrator is considered to be an "awkward" or "difficult" person. Disobedience of their will is a egotistic injury that can trigger narcissistic rage.
6. Exploitation - tin can take many forms merely always involves the using of others without regards for their feelings or interests. Often the other is in a subservient position where resistance would be hard or even impossible. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed.
7. Bad Boundaries - narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are non extensions of themselves. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well non exist at all. Those who provide egotistic supply to the narcissist will be treated as if they are function of the narcissist and be expected to live up to those expectations. In the listen of a narcissist, there is no boundary between self and other.

Masterson's subtypes

James F. Masterson in 1993^[12] proposes two categories for pathological narcissism, exhibitionist and closet. Both fail to adequately develop an age- and phase- appropriate cocky because of defects in the quality of psychological nurturing provided, usually past the mother. The exhibitionist narcissist is the one described in DSM-IV and differs from the closet narcissist in several important ways.

The closet narcissist is more likely to be described as having a deflated, inadequate cocky perception and greater awareness of emptiness within. The exhibitionist narcissist would be described every bit having an inflated, grandiose self perception with little or no conscious sensation of the emptiness within. Such a person would presume that this condition was normal and that others were but like them.

The closet narcissist seeks abiding blessing from others and appears like to the borderline in the need to please others. The exhibitionist narcissist seeks perfect adoration all the time from others.

Millon's variations

Theodore Millon identified five variations of narcissist:^[3] Any private narcissist may showroom none or one of the following:

• unprincipled narcissist - including antisocial features. A charlatan - is a fraudulent, exploitative, deceptive and unscrupulous individual.

• amorous narcissist - including histrionic features. The Don Juan or Casanova of our times - is erotic, exhibitionist.

• compensatory narcissist - including negativistic (passive-aggressive), avoidant features.
• elitist narcissist - variant of pure pattern. Corresponds to Wilhelm Reich's "phallic narcissistic" personality blazon.

• fanatic type - including paranoid features. A severely narcissistically wounded individual, unremarkably with major paranoid tendencies who holds onto an illusion of omnipotence. These people are fighting the reality of their insignificance and lost value and are trying to re-constitute their self-esteem through grandiose fantasies and cocky-reinforcement. When unable to gain recognition of support from others, they take on the part of a heroic or worshipped person with a grandiose mission.

Other forms of narcissism

Acquired situational narcissism

Caused situational narcissism (ASN) is a form of narcissism that develops in tardily adolescence or adulthood, brought on by wealth, fame and the other trappings of celebrity. It was coined by Robert B. Millman, professor of psychiatry at the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University.

ASN differs from conventional narcissism in that it develops after childhood and is triggered and supported by the glory-obsessed society: fans, administration and tabloid media all play into the idea that the person actually is vastly more than of import than other people, triggering a narcissistic problem that might have been only a tendency, or latent, and helping it to get a total-blown personality disorder.

In its presentation and symptoms, information technology is indistinguishable from egotistic personality disorder, differing only in its tardily onset and its back up by large numbers of others. The person with ASN may suffer from unstable relationships, substance corruption and erratic behaviour.

A famous fictional character with ASN is Norma Desmond, the main character of Dusk Boulevard .

Aggressive narcissism

This is Gene 1 in the Hare Psychopathy Checklist, which includes the following traits:

• Glibness/superficial charm
• Grandiose sense of self-worth
• Pathological lying
• Cunning/manipulative
• Lack of remorse or guilt
• Shallow affect
• Callous/lack of empathy
• Failure to take responsibility for own deportment.

Conversational narcissism

Conversational narcissism is a term used past sociologist Charles Derber in his book "The Pursuit of Attention: Power and Ego in Everyday Life".

Derber observed that the social back up organization in America is relatively weak, and this leads people to compete mightily for attention. In social situations, they tend to steer the chat away from others and toward themselves. "Conversational narcissism is the fundamental manifestation of the ascendant attending-getting psychology in America," he wrote. "It occurs in informal conversations amid friends, family and coworkers. The profusion of popular literature about listening and the etiquette of managing those who talk constantly well-nigh themselves suggests its pervasiveness in everyday life..."

What Derber describes as "conversational narcissism" frequently occurs subtly rather than overtly, considering fifty-fifty the dim-witted among us know that it's rude not to show involvement in others, and prudent to avoid existence judged an egotist.

Derber distinguishes the "shift-response" from the "support-response."

Corporate narcissism

Organizational psychologist Alan Downs wrote a volume in 1997 describing corporate narcissism ^[13]. He explores high-profile corporate leaders (such equally Al Dunlap and Robert Allen) who, he suggests, literally accept only ane affair on their minds: profits. According to Downs, such narrow focus actually may yield positive short-term benefits, but ultimately it will drag downwards private employees as well every bit entire companies. Alternative thinking is proposed, and some firms now utilizing these options are examined. Downs's theories are relevant to those which have been suggested by Victor Hill in his book, Corporate Narcissism in Accounting Firms Commonwealth of australia. ^[xiv]

Cross-cultural narcissism

Lachkar describes the phenomena of cross-cultural narcissism thus:^[xv].

"The cross-cultural narcissist brings to his new state a certain amount of nationalistic pride, which he holds onto relentlessly. He refuses to conform and will go to neat lengths to maintain his sense of special identity. Cantankerous-cultural narcissists oft hook up with borderline women, who tend to idealize and be mesmerized by men from another civilisation."

Cultural narcissism

Main article: Cultural narcissm

In The Civilization of Narcissism^[xvi], Christopher Lasch defines a narcissistic civilization as one in which every action and relationship is defined past the hedonistic need to acquire the symbols of wealth, this becoming the only expression of rigid, withal covert, social hierarchies. It is a culture where liberalism just exists insofar as it serves a consumer society, and even art, sex and faith lose their liberating power.

In such a society of abiding competition, there can be no allies, and petty transparency. The threats to acquisitions of social symbols are so numerous, varied and ofttimes incomprehensible, that defensiveness, equally well as competitiveness, becomes a way of life. Any real sense of community is undermined -- or even destroyed -- to exist replaced by virtual equivalents that strive, unsuccessfully, to synthesize a sense of community.

Destructive narcissism

Destructive narcissism describes someone who constantly exhibits numerous and intense characteristics unremarkably associated with the pathological narcissist but having fewer characteristics than pathological narcissism.^[17]

Gender narcissism

Gender narcissism is a relatively new concept, referred to by Dr. Gerald Schoenwolf ^[xviii], with reference to both males and females.

The concept builds on Freud's theories of penis envy and the castration anxiety. Importantly that an over-emphasis or over-perception of gender and gender difference in childhood can lead to either a devaluation or an over-valuation of i's gender in later on life.

Dr. Schoenwolf in particular suggests that the emergence of the feminist personality, with gonadal-axial views, and female gender narcissism are synonymous.

Group narcissism

Template:Collective narcissism

Group narcissism is described in a 1973 volume by psychologist Erich Fromm^[19].

Malignant narcissism

Main article: Malignant narcissism

Malignant narcissism, a term outset coined in a book by Erich Fromm in 1964,^[20] is a syndrome consisting of a cross breed of the egotistic personality disorder, the antisocial personality disorder, as well as paranoid traits. The malignant narcissist differs from narcissistic personality disorder in that the malignant narcissist derives college levels of psychological gratification from accomplishments over time (thus worsening the disorder). Because the malignant narcissist becomes more involved in this psychological gratification, they are apt to develop the antisocial, the paranoid, and the schizoid personality disorders. The term malignant is added to the term narcissist to indicate that individuals with this disorder tend to worsen in their impulse controls and desires over time.

Medical narcissism

Medical narcissism is a term coined by John Banja in his book "Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism".^{[21] [22]}

Banja defines "medical narcissism" as the need of health professionals to preserve their self esteem leading to the compromise of error disclosure to patients.

In the book he explores the psychological, ethical and legal effects of medical errors and the extent to which a need to constantly assert their competence can cause otherwise capable, and fifty-fifty exceptional, professionals to fall into narcissistic traps.

He claims that: "...well-nigh health professionals (in fact, most professionals of any ilk) piece of work on cultivating a self that exudes authorization, control, knowledge, competence and respectability. It's the narcissist in us all—we dread appearing stupid or incompetent."

Phallic narcissism

Wilhelm Reich first identified the phallic egotistic personality type, with excessively inflated self-epitome. The individual is elitist, a "social climber", superior, adoration seeking, self-promoting, bragging and empowered by social success.

Primordial narcissism

Psychiatrist Ernst Simmel first divers primordial narcissism in 1944.^[23] Simmel'southward fundamental thesis is that the about primitive stage of libidinal development is not the oral, but the gastro-intestinal one. Mouth and anus are merely to be considered as the last parts of this organic zone. Simmel terms the psychological status of prenatal being 'primordial narcissism'. It is the vegetative phase of the pre-ego, identical with the id. At this stage there is complete instinctual repose, manifested in unconsciousness. Satiation of the gastro-intestinal zone, the representative of the instinct of self-preservation, tin can bring back this consummate instinctual repose, which, under pathological conditions, tin can become the aim of the instinct.

Contrary to Lasch, Bernard Stiegler argues in his book, Interim Out , that consumer capitalism is in fact subversive of primordial narcissism, without which it is not possible to extend dear to others.^[24]

Sexual narcissism

Sexual narcissism has been described equally an egocentric pattern of sexual behavior that involves both low self-esteem and an inflated sense of sexual ability and sexual entitlement. In addition, sexual narcissism is the erotic preoccupation with oneself equally a superb lover through a want to merge sexually with a mirror image of oneself. Sexual narcissism, coined by David Farley Hurlbert,^[25] is an intimacy dysfunction in which sexual exploits are pursued, generally in the form of extramarital affairs, to overcompensate for low self-esteem and an inability to experience true intimacy. This behavioral pattern is believed to be more than common in men than in women and has been tied to domestic violence in men^[26] and sexual compulsion in couples.^[27] Hurlbert argues that sex is a natural biological given and therefore cannot be accounted every bit an addiction. He and his colleagues affirm that whatsoever sexual habit is naught more than a misnomer for what is actually sexual narcissism or sexual compulsivity.^[28]

Spiritual narcissism

Main article: Spiritual materialism

Spiritual narcissism describes mistakes spiritual seekers commit which turn the pursuit of spiritualism into an ego edifice and confusion creating effort.^[29] This is based on the idea that ego development is counter to spiritual progress.

Commonly used measures

Egotistic Personality Inventory

Main article: Narcissistic Personality Inventory

The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is the most widely used measure of narcissism in social psychological research. Although several versions of the NPI have been proposed in the literature, a forty-item forced-choice version (Raskin & Terry, 1988) is the ane virtually commonly employed in current research. The NPI is based on the DSM-III clinical criteria for egotistic personality disorder (NPD), although it was designed to measure these features in the full general population. Thus, the NPI is often said to measure "normal" or "subclinical" (borderline) narcissism (i.e., in people who score very loftier on the NPI do not necessarily come across criteria for diagnosis with NPD).

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

Primary commodity: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is a widely used diagnostic examination developed past Theodore Millon. The MCMI includes a calibration for Narcissism. Auerbach JS ("Validation of two scales for egotistic personality disorder", J Pers Assess. 1984 December;48(6):649-53. [1]) compared the NPI and MCMI and institute them well correlated, r(146) = .55, p<.001. It should exist noted that whereas the MCMI measures narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), the NPI measures narcissism every bit it occurs in the general population. In other words, the NPI measures "normal" narcissism; i.east., nigh people who score very high on the NPI exercise not take NPD. Indeed, the NPI does not capture any sort of narcissism taxon as would be expected if it measured NPD.^[30]

Narcissistic parents

Main article: Narcissistic parents

Egotistic parents demand sure behavior from their children because they see the children every bit extensions of themselves, and need the children to represent them in the world in ways that see the parents' emotional needs.^[31]

Narcissism and leadership

A written report published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin suggests that when a group is without a leader, you lot tin often count on a narcissist to take accuse. Researchers plant that people who score high in narcissism tend to have control of leaderless groups.^[32]==Narcissistic Civilisation==

Historian and social critic Christopher Lasch (1932—1994) described this topic in his volume, "The Civilisation of Narcissism",^[33] published in 1979.

He defines a egotistic culture equally one in which every activity and relationship is divers by the hedonistic need to acquire the symbols of fabric wealth, this becoming the simply expression of rigid, yet covert, social hierarchies. It is a culture where liberalism only exists insofar as information technology serves a consumer society, and even fine art, sex and faith lose their liberating power. Come across Decadence and Determinism.

He claims that, in such a society of constant contest, there can be no allies, and lilliputian transparency. The threats to acquisitions of social symbols are so numerous, varied and frequently incomprehensible, that defensiveness, besides every bit competitiveness, becomes a way of life. Any existent sense of customs is undermined -- or fifty-fifty destroyed -- to be replaced by virtual equivalents that strive, unsuccessfully, to synthesise a sense of community.

Contrary to Lasch, Bernard Stiegler argues in his book, Aimer, southward'aimer, nous aimer: Du 11 septembre au 21 avril (2003), that consumer commercialism is in fact destructive of what he calls primordial narcissism, without which it is not possible to extend honey to others.

Meredith Black ^{[How to reference and link to summary or text]} has said that narcissism can not only be detrimental to i's health, just likewise a symptom of psychological problems that take decided to express themselves through a greater focus on self.

Narcissism as a genetic trait

In the decades since the discovery of DNA and the subsequent mapping of the human genome questions have arisen as to whether traits of personality, including narcissism, are partially or fully determined past one'due south ain genes.

Heritability written report with twins

Livesley et al. (1993) published a paper entitled Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder, which concluded that narcissism, every bit measured by a standardized test, was a common inherited trait.

The study subjects were 175 volunteer twin pairs (90 identical, 85 congenial) fatigued from the full general population. Each twin completed a questionnaire that assessed 18 dimensions of personality disorder. The authors estimated the heritability of each dimension of personality by standard methods, thus providing estimates of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental causation.

Of the xviii personality dimensions, narcissism was constitute to have the highest heritability (0.64), indicating that the concordance of this trait in the identical twins was mainly due to genetics. Of the other dimensions of personality, only four were found to have heritability coefficients of greater than 0.5: callousness, identity bug, oppositionality and social avoidance.

The study generally concluded that, in agreement with other studies, some personality factors have significantly loftier heritability coefficients, and there exists a continuum between normal and matted personality. ^[34]

Narcissism in evolutionary psychology

The concept of narcissism is used in evolutionary psychology in relation to the mechanisms of assortative mating, or the non-random choice of a partner for purposes of procreation. An article published in 2005 by Alvarez summarizes the piece of work in this field.

Evidence for assortative mating among humans is well established; humans mate assortatively regarding age, IQ, tiptop, weight, nationality, educational and occupational level, concrete and personality characters and family unit relatedness. In the "cocky seeking similar" hypothesis, individuals unconsciously look for a mirror paradigm of themselves in others, seeking criteria of beauty or reproductive fitness in the context of self-reference.

The study of Alvarez indicated that facial resemblance between couples was a strong driving force amongst the mechanisms of assortative mating: human couples resemble each other significantly more than than would be expected from random pair formation. Since facial characteristics are known to be inherited, the "self seeking similar" mechanism may enhance reproduction between genetically similar mates, favoring the stabilization of genes supporting social behavior, with no kin human relationship amidst them. ^[35]

Medical narcissism

Medical narcissism is a term coined by John Banja in his book "Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism" ^{[21] [22]}.

Banja defines "Medical Narcissism" as the demand of wellness professionals to preserve their self esteem leading to the compromise of error disclosure to patients.

In the book he explores the psychological, upstanding and legal effects of medical errors and the extent to which a need to constantly assert their competence can crusade otherwise capable, and even exceptional, professionals to fall into narcissistic traps.

He claims that: "...most health professionals (in fact, most professionals of any ilk) piece of work on cultivating a self that exudes authority, command, noesis, competence and respectability. It'south the narcissist in us all—we dread appearing stupid or incompetent."

Celebrating Narcissism

Dandyism

A dandy is a human who places particular importance upon physical appearance, refined language, and the cultivation of leisurely hobbies. Some dandies, specially in Britain in the late 18th and 19th century, strove to bear on aloof values even though many came from common backgrounds. Thus, a dandy could be considered a kind of snob.

The Dandiacal Trunk from Sartor Resartus by Thomas Carlyle:

"A Peachy is a clothes-wearing Human, a Man whose trade, function and existence consists in the wearing of Clothes. Every faculty of his soul, spirit, purse, and person is heroically consecrated to this one object, the wearing of Clothes wisely and well: so that the others dress to live, he lives to dress...And now, for all this perennial Martyrdom, and Poesy, and even Prophecy, what is it that the Dandy asks in render? Solely, nosotros may say, that you would recognise his existence; would admit him to be a living object; or even failing this, a visual object, or matter that will reflect rays of calorie-free..."

New Romantic

Decadence and Narcissism were recurring themes in the New Romantic movement that began in London Nightclubs in the 1980s. The motion was all well-nigh style, as old punks clothed themselves in surreal, anarchic glamour and romance, and postured, always on the watch for new ways to draw attention to themselves.

It was all almost making "an endeavour to wait flamboyant in an attractive, luxuriant, beautiful, narcissistic mode"^[36] with icons such as David Bowie, Adam & the Ants, Bryan Ferry, Gary Numan and Duran Duran.^[37]

Metrosexual

In 1994, in the British Newspaper The Independent announcer Mark Simpson first coined the term "Metrosexual".

In 2002 he went on to further define the term on [ii].

"Well, possibly it takes i to know 1, but to determine a metrosexual, all you take to do is look at them. In fact, if you're looking at them, they're about certainly metrosexual. The typical metrosexual is a young man with coin to spend, living in or within piece of cake reach of a city -- because that's where all the best shops, clubs, gyms and hairdressers are. He might be officially gay, straight or bisexual, but this is utterly immaterial considering he has clearly taken himself as his own love object and pleasure as his sexual preference. Item professions, such as modeling, waiting tables, media, pop music and, nowadays, sport, seem to attract them just, truth be told, similar male person vanity products and canker, they're pretty much everywhere."^[38]

Encounter also

• Ableism
• Adolescent egocentrism
• Autoeroticism
• Covert narcissism
• Egocentrism
• Grandiosity
• Homophobia
• Illusory superiority
• Cancerous narcissism
• Megalomania
• Narcissism (psychology)
• Narcissistic elation
• Narcissistic injury
• Narcissistic neurosis
• Narcissistic object choice
• Narcissistic personality disorder
• Primary narcissism
• Positive illusions
• Racism
• Secondary narcissism
• Selfishness
• Cocky reference
• Sexism
• Spoiled child syndrome
• Superiority complex

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.ane} Freud, Sigmund, On Narcissism: An Introduction, 1914
2. ↑ Morrison, Andrew P. Shame: The Underside of Narcissism, The Analytic Printing, 1997. ISBN 0-88163-280-v
3. ↑ ^{three.0 3.i iii.ii} Millon, Theodore, Personality Disorders in Modern Life, 2004
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 4.2} Campbell, Thousand.W. & Foster J.D. (2007). The Narcissistic Self: Background, an Extended Agency Model, and Ongoing Controversies. To appear in: C. Sedikides & Southward. Spencer (Eds.), Frontiers in social psychology: The self. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
5. ↑ ^{five.0 5.1} Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E., & Sedikides, C. (2002). Narcissism, selfesteem, and the positivity of selfviews: Ii portraits of selflove. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 358368.
6. ↑ ^{vi.0 six.i} Gabriel, Thousand. T., Critelli, J. Westward., & Ee, J. S. (1994). Narcissistic illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and attractiveness. Periodical of Personality , 62, 143155.
7. ↑ Emmons, R. A. (1984). Factor assay and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 291300.
8. ↑ Campbell, W. K., Bush, C. P., Brunell, A. B., & Shelton, J. (in press). Agreement the social costs of narcissism: The case of tragedy of the eatables. Personality and Social Psychology Message.
9. ↑ Rose, P. & Campbell, W. One thousand. (in press). Greatness feels adept: A telic model of narcissism and subjective wellbeing. Advances in Psychology Inquiry. Serge P. Shohov (Ed.) Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishers.
10. ↑ Campbell, W.K., Reeder Yard.D., Sedikides, C. & Elliot, A.J. (2000). Narcissism and Comparative Self-Enhancement Strategies. Journal of Research in Personality 34, 329–347.
11. ↑ Hotchkiss, Sandy & Masterson, James F. Why Is It Always About You lot? : The Vii Deadly Sins of Narcissism (2003)
12. ↑ Masterson, James F. The Emerging Self: A Developmental Self & Object Relations Approach to the Treatment of the Closet Narcissistic Disorder of the Self, 1993
13. ↑ Downs, Alan: Beyond The Looking Glass: Overcoming the Seductive Culture of Corporate Narcissism, 1997
14. ↑ Colina, Victor (2005) Corporate Narcissism in Accounting Firms Australia, Pengus Books Australia
15. ↑ Lachkar, Joan: How to Talk to a Narcissist, 2008
16. ↑ Lasch, C, The Culture of Narcissism. 1979
17. ↑ Brown, Nina Due west., The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern, 1998
18. ↑ Schoenwolf, Gerald, PH.D Gender Narcissism and its Manifestations
19. ↑ Fromm, Erich, The Anatomy of Man Destructiveness, 1973
20. ↑ Fromm, Erich, The Eye of Homo, 1964
21. ↑ ^{21.0 21.1} Banja, John, Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism, 2005
22. ↑ ^{22.0 22.1} Banja, John, (equally observed by Eric Rangus) John Banja: Interview with the clinical ethicist
23. ↑ Simmel, Ernst, Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1944, Vol. 13, No. ii, pp. 160–185.
24. ↑ Bernard Stiegler, Acting Out (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009).
25. ↑ Hurlbert, D.F. & Apt, C., (1991). Sexual narcissism and the abusive male, Periodical of Sex and Marital Therapy, 17, 279-292.
26. ↑ Hurlbert, D.F., Apt, C., Gasar, S., Wilson, N.E., & Murphy, Y. (1994). Sexual narcissism: a validation written report, Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 20, 24-34.
27. ↑ Ryan, Chiliad.M., Weikel, Chiliad., & Sprechini, G., (2008). Gender differences in narcissism and courtship violence in dating couples, Sex Roles. 58, 802-813.
28. ↑ Apt, C. & Hurlbert, D. F. (1995) "Sexual Narcissism: Addiction or Anachronism?" The Family Journal, 3, 103-107.
29. ↑ http://www.integralworld.internet/larsson.html
30. ↑ Foster, J.D., & Campbell, W.Grand., Are in that location such things as "narcissists" in social psychology? A taxometric analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, in press.
31. ↑ Rappoport, Alan, Ph. D.Co-Narcissism: How We Adapt to Narcissistic Parents. The Therapist, in press.
32. ↑ Narcissistic People Most Likely to Emerge as Leaders Newswise, Retrieved on October seven, 2008.
33. ↑ Lasch, C, The Culture of Narcissism. 1979
34. ↑ Livesley, W.J., Jang, K.Fifty., Jackson, D.N. and P.A. Vernon (1993). "Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry 150, 1826-1831. Abstract online. Accessed June xviii, 2006.
35. ↑ Alvarez, L. (2005). "Narcissism guides mate selection: Humans mate assortatively, as revealed by facial resemblance, following an algorithm of 'cocky seeking like'". Evolutionary Psychology 2, 177-194. See online. Accessed July 21, 2006.
36. ↑ 1980s Fashion History, New Romantics. Accessed June 19, 2006.
37. ↑ Scotland on Dominicus, 14 March, 2004, Who says romance is dead? Accessed June xix, 2006.
38. ↑ Simpson, Marker Come across the Metrosexual. Accessed June xix, 2006.

External links

• Narcissism Jeremy Holmes
• Lasch on Culture of Narcissism Dolores James
• The new narcissism, Nicholas Carr
• A guide on dealing with superiority and inferiority circuitous

v·d·e Narcissism
Types	Acquired situational ·Ambitious ·Amorous ·Closet ·Collective ·Compensatory ·Conversational ·Corporate ·Cantankerous-cultural ·Cultural ·Destructive ·Egomania ·Elitist ·Exhibitionist ·Fanatical ·Gender ·Group ·Healthy ·Inverted ·Cancerous ·Medical ·Megalomania ·Pathological ·Personality disorder ·Phallic ·Primary ·Primordial ·Secondary ·Sexual · Spiritual  ·Unhealthy ·Unprincipled
Characteristics	Arrogance ·Bad boundaries · Betrayal  ·Boasting ·Bravado ·Conceit ·Criticism (intolerance of) ·Egocentrism ·Egotism ·Empathy (lack of) ·Entitlement (exaggerated) ·Envy ·Exploitative ·Fantasy ·Grandiosity ·Grandstanding ·Greed ·Haughtiness ·Hidden calendar · Hubris  ·Magical thinking ·Manipulative ·Narcissistic abuse ·Narcissistic bliss ·Narcissistic injury ·Egotistic mortification ·Narcissistic rage ·Narcissistic supply ·Narcissistic withdrawal ·Omnipotence · Opportunism  ·Perfectionism ·Self-absorbed ·Cocky-esteem · Cocky-righteousness  ·Selfishness ·Shamelessness ·Superficial charm ·Superiority complex ·Tantrum ·True self and false self ·Vanity
Defences	Denial ·Devaluation ·Distortion ·Idealization ·Splitting ·Projection
Cultural types	Control freak  · Bully  · Diva  ·Don Juanism · Dorian Gray syndrome  ·Drama queen · Fantasist  ·Metrosexual · Prima donna  · Queen bee  · Snob  · Status symbol  · Trophy wife  · Valley girl
Related articles	Codependency ·Cronyism ·Ego ideal · Egomania (United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland TV documentary)  ·Elitism · Empire building  · Generation Y  · God circuitous  ·History of narcissism · Messiah complex  · Micromanagement  ·Narcissism of small-scale differences ·Narcissistic leadership ·Egotistic parents ·Egotistic Personality Inventory · Narcissus (mythology)  ·Nepotism ·On Narcissism (Freud essay) · Sam Vaknin  ·Self-love · Spoiled child  ·The Civilization of Narcissism (Lasch volume) ·Victory disease ·Workplace bullying

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Source: https://psychology.fandom.com/wiki/Narcissism